By Patrick Holford 100% Health www.patrickholford.co.uk
In case you watched Tuesday (9th Jan 2007) night's Watchdog on BBC1 you might have spotted a slight of hand. A healthy volunteer had three allergy tests - a vega test (twice), a hair test, and Yorktest's IgG Food Intolerance test, in which the volunteer sent two blood samples. The first two came up with a lot of foods, and the vega tests each had different results. Yorktest's test identified no reactions in the first test, and two foods on the lowest possible level of sensitivity. You can have a +4, +3, +2, +1 or 'rotate' reaction. Rotate means don't eat every day. If I have a patient who has 2 'rotate' foods only they are, in essence, not allergic. In other words the two tests were almost identical in result. Thumbs up for Yorktest you'd expect.
But no. Watchdog not only implied the results were 'very' different, but they also said that the test had shown five reactions! They did this not by reading the actual result - one of the allergens was 'citrus mix' - but by saying the test had shown they were allergic to oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit and so on. For a BBC Watchdog programme that's pretty underhand. But it got worse. The expert they used to pass judgement said that there had been only one study on IgG as a basis for allergy! That is plain deception. If you go into Medline, the on-line database of published research and put in IgG you'll find 139,473 referenced studies. If you narrow down to IgG + food intolerance it list 85 studies. I referenced 115 studies in my book Hidden Food Allergies (Piatkus).
The evidence for IgG antibody reactions as a basis for food intolerances continues to grow, including well designed randomised controlled trials, however, some health professionals just haven't kept up to date. Perhaps it's because a 'home test' takes the power away from the professional and puts it in your hands.
Patrick Holford
Friday 12 January 2007
Thursday 11 January 2007
Candidiasis - common culprit for ill-health
From Patrick Holford
Candidiasis - common culprit for ill-health
Check yourself out with the candida antibody profile
I often hear from people that they are suffering from a myriad of seemingly unrelated conditions that they and their doctor cannot get to the bottom of - everything from digestive discomfort to feeling foggy-headed or fatigued, as well as skin or sinus problems and recurrent fungal infections. When people present with such wide-spread symptoms I always consider whether candida could be the culprit. Candida albicans is one of the many yeasts present in the large bowel, genital tract, mouth, and throat and under normal conditions is compatible with good health. It is usually kept under control by good bacteria, our immune system and intestinal pH levels. What is less well recognised is that candida can, under certain circumstances, become pathogenic, causing havoc everywhere in the body.
Symptoms associated with candidiasis, or an overgrowth of candida antibodies, include:. Fatigue. Foggy head, lack of concentration, poor memory. Mood swings, depression, anxiety. Bloating, diarrhoea, constipation, excess wind, indigestion. Fungal infections . Aching joints, heavy muscles. Recurrent thrush, vaginitis and increased vaginal secretions. Bad breath, coated tongue, ulcers and sores in the mouth. Cravings for sweet and yeasty food, including bread and alcohol. Decreased libido. Bladder and kidney infections. Menstrual problems. Dry itchy skin. Chronic sinus problems. Sensitivity to perfumes, chemicals, fumes and other odours. Food sensitivities. Acne. Frequent colds, and infections. Chilliness, cold hands and feet
Problems arise when the balance of good bacteria to harmful ones changes within thedigestive tract. Given certain conditions, the candida proliferates and can change intoa pathogenic form. Once this has occurred, the candida can release toxins into the blood stream and travel through the body, affecting all systems, from digestion to the skin and hormones.
Common causes of overgrowth include:. Contraceptive pill. HRT. Steroids including asthma and eczema medication. High sugar diet. Antibiotic use. Immune deficiency. Hormones from food (animal products), water and a non organic diet. Diabetes. High stress levels. Use of anti-inflammatory drugs
In the past it has been notoriously difficult to diagnose candida, but nutritionists, and now you, have at their fingertips a simple and accurate laboratory test that can diagnose this condition. If anyone is considering undergoing candida treatment I cannot stress strongly enough the need to test beforehand, as the process of killing off candida overgrowth can be long and difficult, involving a restricted diet and a rigorous supplement regime. There is no point in doing this if candida is not the culprit for your symptoms - it could be that you need to undergo further tests such as checking for parasites, and I recommend you seek out help from your doctor and one of my nutritionists. Testing on the other hand offers peace of mind to patients that they are getting to the root of the problem before they undertake any dietary changes.
The Candida Antibody Profile test can be performed on either a saliva or blood sample. Test kits are sent through the post direct to you, for you to return with your sample to the laboratory in the envelope provided. The test looks for two types of antibody specific to candida (IgG and IgA antibodies). A positive result demonstrates an immune reaction to candida. This is a very sensitive and accurate means of measuring antibodies. Click here to order your test.
What next?A positive result for candida means that you can get started on a nutrition regime to rebalance your bacteria and body. Treatment for candida involves a diet avoiding sugars and yeasts in conjunction with anti-fungals to kill the candida itself. The most efficient way of addressing this infection and restoring health is the well-known '4-R' approach:
1. . Remove the yeast with an anti-candida diet (avoiding sugars and yeasts) and anti-fungals like caprylic acid, and or Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii). Although a yeast, S. boulardii does not colonise the gut wall but helps to increase your levels of secretory IgA (sIgA). Greater amounts of this immunoglobulin make it increasingly difficult for the candida to stick to your gut wall.
2. Repopulate with friendly gut bacteria with probiotic supplements such as Lactobacillus acidophilus
3. . Repair the gut wall, usually using the amino acid l-glutamine
4. . Replace missing digestive enzymes and nutrients, via a good quality multivitamin and mineral and a digestive enzyme supplement
Such a programme is best undertaken with the help of a nutritional therapist, as the liver and digestion need to be carefully supported. I recommend you see my website to find an ION-qualified practitioner in your area. To find out more about how to beat candida read the January issue of my 100% health newsletter
Wishing you the best of health,
For details on a variety of health products recommended by Patrick Holford go to www.healthproductsforlife.com
Candidiasis - common culprit for ill-health
Check yourself out with the candida antibody profile
I often hear from people that they are suffering from a myriad of seemingly unrelated conditions that they and their doctor cannot get to the bottom of - everything from digestive discomfort to feeling foggy-headed or fatigued, as well as skin or sinus problems and recurrent fungal infections. When people present with such wide-spread symptoms I always consider whether candida could be the culprit. Candida albicans is one of the many yeasts present in the large bowel, genital tract, mouth, and throat and under normal conditions is compatible with good health. It is usually kept under control by good bacteria, our immune system and intestinal pH levels. What is less well recognised is that candida can, under certain circumstances, become pathogenic, causing havoc everywhere in the body.
Symptoms associated with candidiasis, or an overgrowth of candida antibodies, include:. Fatigue. Foggy head, lack of concentration, poor memory. Mood swings, depression, anxiety. Bloating, diarrhoea, constipation, excess wind, indigestion. Fungal infections . Aching joints, heavy muscles. Recurrent thrush, vaginitis and increased vaginal secretions. Bad breath, coated tongue, ulcers and sores in the mouth. Cravings for sweet and yeasty food, including bread and alcohol. Decreased libido. Bladder and kidney infections. Menstrual problems. Dry itchy skin. Chronic sinus problems. Sensitivity to perfumes, chemicals, fumes and other odours. Food sensitivities. Acne. Frequent colds, and infections. Chilliness, cold hands and feet
Problems arise when the balance of good bacteria to harmful ones changes within thedigestive tract. Given certain conditions, the candida proliferates and can change intoa pathogenic form. Once this has occurred, the candida can release toxins into the blood stream and travel through the body, affecting all systems, from digestion to the skin and hormones.
Common causes of overgrowth include:. Contraceptive pill. HRT. Steroids including asthma and eczema medication. High sugar diet. Antibiotic use. Immune deficiency. Hormones from food (animal products), water and a non organic diet. Diabetes. High stress levels. Use of anti-inflammatory drugs
In the past it has been notoriously difficult to diagnose candida, but nutritionists, and now you, have at their fingertips a simple and accurate laboratory test that can diagnose this condition. If anyone is considering undergoing candida treatment I cannot stress strongly enough the need to test beforehand, as the process of killing off candida overgrowth can be long and difficult, involving a restricted diet and a rigorous supplement regime. There is no point in doing this if candida is not the culprit for your symptoms - it could be that you need to undergo further tests such as checking for parasites, and I recommend you seek out help from your doctor and one of my nutritionists. Testing on the other hand offers peace of mind to patients that they are getting to the root of the problem before they undertake any dietary changes.
The Candida Antibody Profile test can be performed on either a saliva or blood sample. Test kits are sent through the post direct to you, for you to return with your sample to the laboratory in the envelope provided. The test looks for two types of antibody specific to candida (IgG and IgA antibodies). A positive result demonstrates an immune reaction to candida. This is a very sensitive and accurate means of measuring antibodies. Click here to order your test.
What next?A positive result for candida means that you can get started on a nutrition regime to rebalance your bacteria and body. Treatment for candida involves a diet avoiding sugars and yeasts in conjunction with anti-fungals to kill the candida itself. The most efficient way of addressing this infection and restoring health is the well-known '4-R' approach:
1. . Remove the yeast with an anti-candida diet (avoiding sugars and yeasts) and anti-fungals like caprylic acid, and or Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii). Although a yeast, S. boulardii does not colonise the gut wall but helps to increase your levels of secretory IgA (sIgA). Greater amounts of this immunoglobulin make it increasingly difficult for the candida to stick to your gut wall.
2. Repopulate with friendly gut bacteria with probiotic supplements such as Lactobacillus acidophilus
3. . Repair the gut wall, usually using the amino acid l-glutamine
4. . Replace missing digestive enzymes and nutrients, via a good quality multivitamin and mineral and a digestive enzyme supplement
Such a programme is best undertaken with the help of a nutritional therapist, as the liver and digestion need to be carefully supported. I recommend you see my website to find an ION-qualified practitioner in your area. To find out more about how to beat candida read the January issue of my 100% health newsletter
Wishing you the best of health,
For details on a variety of health products recommended by Patrick Holford go to www.healthproductsforlife.com
Wednesday 10 January 2007
Net Doctor Newsletter - 10th Jan 07
From www.NetDoctor.co.uk
Red Bull condemned by youth leaderA youth leader has accused the popular energy drink Red Bull of "devastating" young people's lives across the UK. Vanessa Scrubb's comments came in the wake of the death of a young Irish basketball player who dropped dead after drinking four cans...
Read more »
advert
Breast-feeding mothers 'must get enough calcium'It is crucial for mothers who are breast-feeding to get enough calcium in their diet, a new study has found. The mouth's supporting structures around the teeth and gums can be weakened by a low-calcium diet, especially in nursing mothers,...Read more »
Cartoons for autistic children yield 'exciting results'A new cartoon developed at Cambridge University's autism research centre has yielded positive results in helping autistic children understand the emotions reflected in facial expressions. The cartoon, narrated by the actor Stephen Fry, features...Read more »
Obese men 'more likely' to die from prostate cancerA new study has found that obese men are more likely to die from prostate cancer. Researchers from America's National Cancer Institute have found that although obesity does not appear to play a part in the development of the condition - and may...Read more »
New technique attacks tumoursScientists have created a way of targeting cancerous tumours and blocking their blood vessels. A team led by researchers at the Burnham Institute for Medical Research at UC Santa Barbara developed nanoparticles, minute particles invisible to the...Read more »
BHF sceptical about milky tea heart attack riskClaims that putting milk in one's tea may negate the drink's health benefits have been met with uncertainty from the British Heart Foundation (BHF). More research is required to quantitatively prove that adding milk ups the risk of a heart...Read more »
Taken from www.netdoctor.co.uk
Red Bull condemned by youth leaderA youth leader has accused the popular energy drink Red Bull of "devastating" young people's lives across the UK. Vanessa Scrubb's comments came in the wake of the death of a young Irish basketball player who dropped dead after drinking four cans...
Read more »
advert
Breast-feeding mothers 'must get enough calcium'It is crucial for mothers who are breast-feeding to get enough calcium in their diet, a new study has found. The mouth's supporting structures around the teeth and gums can be weakened by a low-calcium diet, especially in nursing mothers,...Read more »
Cartoons for autistic children yield 'exciting results'A new cartoon developed at Cambridge University's autism research centre has yielded positive results in helping autistic children understand the emotions reflected in facial expressions. The cartoon, narrated by the actor Stephen Fry, features...Read more »
Obese men 'more likely' to die from prostate cancerA new study has found that obese men are more likely to die from prostate cancer. Researchers from America's National Cancer Institute have found that although obesity does not appear to play a part in the development of the condition - and may...Read more »
New technique attacks tumoursScientists have created a way of targeting cancerous tumours and blocking their blood vessels. A team led by researchers at the Burnham Institute for Medical Research at UC Santa Barbara developed nanoparticles, minute particles invisible to the...Read more »
BHF sceptical about milky tea heart attack riskClaims that putting milk in one's tea may negate the drink's health benefits have been met with uncertainty from the British Heart Foundation (BHF). More research is required to quantitatively prove that adding milk ups the risk of a heart...Read more »
Taken from www.netdoctor.co.uk
Tuesday 9 January 2007
VitaSearch Newsletter Jan 07
From www.Vitasearch.com
Heart Failure, Systolic Function and Coenzyme Q10, C. Michael White, PharmD, USA
Infertility, Oocytes and DHEA Supplementation, David H. Barad, M.D., M.S., USA
Effects of Probiotics on Allergic Rhinitis Induced by Japanese Cedar Pollen
Keywords:
ALLERGIC RHINITIS, ALLERGY - Lactobacillus Casei Strain Shirota, Probiotics, Fermented Milk
Reference:
"Effects of Probiotics on Allergic Rhinitis Induced by Japanese Cedar Pollen: Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial," Tamura M, Shikina T, et al, Int Arch Allergy Immunol., 2006;143(1): 75-82. (Address: Department of Otolaryngology and Sensory Organ Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan).
Summary:
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving patients with allergic rhinitis triggered by Japanese cedar pollen, results indicate that supplementation with Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) may improve nasal symptom-medication scores in patients with moderate-to-severe allergic symptoms. The participants were randomized to drink fermented milk containing LcS or placebo daily for a period of 8 weeks. During the intervention period, no significant difference in nasal and ocular symptom-medication scores was observed between the probiotic and placebo groups. However, among patients with moderate-to-severe nasal symptom scores at baseline, supplementation with LcS tended to reduce nasal symptom-medication scores. Thus, the authors of this study conclude, "These results indicate that fermented milk containing LcS does not prevent allergic symptoms in patients sensitive to Japanese cedar pollen, but may delay the occurrence of allergic symptoms in pa tients with moderate-to-severe nasal symptom scores."
Topic:
Glutathione Levels in the Blood and Tissues of Patients with Breast Cancer
Keywords:
BREAST CANCER - Glutathione Status
Reference:
"A study of glutathione status in the blood and tissues of patients with breast cancer," Yeh CC, Hou MF, et all, Cell Biochem Funct, 2006; 24(6): 555-9. (Address: Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100 Shi-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan).
Summary:
In this study, the status of glutathione in the blood and tissues of patients with breast cancer was assessed. Results found that patients with breast cancer had significantly reduced blood levels of reduced glutathione (redGSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), total glutathione, and the ratio of redGSH/total glutathione, with the most severely low levels found among patients with stage III cancer. On the other hand, levels of these various forms of glutathione were significantly higher in breast cancer tissue, as compared to the adjacent tissues free of cancer, especially in patients with stage II cancer. The authors hypothesize that "the high redGSH levels are associated with the enhancement of cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis in the cancer cells, and the loss of the large amount of erythrocyte redGSH may be due to increased detoxification capacities and defense against oxidative stress." The authors conclude by proposing that redGSH may be an important bioch emical parameter in the detection of breast malignancy.
Topic:
Folic Acid Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis
Keywords:
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - Folic Acid
Reference:
"Effect of folic acid supplementation on risk of cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials," Bazzano LA, Reynolds K, et al, JAMA, 2006; 296(22): 2720-2726. (Address: Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, La 70112-2715, USA. E-mail: lbazzano@tulane.edu ).
Summary:
In a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of folic acid supplementation on the risk of cardiovascular diseases, results found no reduced risk associated with folic acid supplementation. Through searching MEDLINE, bibliographies of articles, and consulting experts in the field, 165 reports were identified, of which 12 were RCTs, which together involved data from 16,958 subjects with pre-existing vascular disease. Results of analysis using a random-effects model found no significant reduced risk associated with folic acid. Specifically, the overall relative risks for patients who received folic acid supplementation were 0.95 for cardiovascular diseases, 1.04 for coronary heart disease, 0.86 for stroke, and 0.96 for all-cause mortality. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that folic acid supplementation has not been shown to consistently and significantly prevent cardiovascular disease among persons with a history of vascular disease. The authors recommend that, "…It is important to focus on strategies of proven benefit in the secondary prevention of CVD, including smoking cessation, lipid reduction, treatment of hypertension and diabetes, maintenance of a healthy weight, and physical activity."
Topic:
Eating Peanuts May Reduce the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women
Keywords:
COLORECTAL CANCER - Peanuts, Diet
Reference:
"Peanut consumption and reduced risk of colorectal cancer in women: a prospective study in Taiwan," Yeh CC, You SL, et al, World J Gastroenterol, 2006; 12(2): 222-7. (Address: Department of Risk Management, China Medical University College of Public Health, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, China).
Summary:
In a prospective cohort study involving 12,026 men and 11,917 women in Taiwan, consumption of peanuts was found to be associated with a significantly reduced risk of colorectal cancer in women and consumption of pickled foodstuffs was found to be associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer in women. Over a 10 year follow-up period, 107 new cases of colorectal cancer (68 men and 39 women) were identified. The most significant associations were found for peanuts and pickled foodstuffs. Frequent consumption of peanuts was associated with a relative risk of 0.42 in women and 0.73 in men, while frequent consumption of pickled foodstuffs was associated with a relative risk of 2.15 in women. These results suggest that dietary intake of peanuts may have a protective effect against colorectal cancer in women.
Topic:
Leading an Active Lifestyle Substantially Lowers the Risk of Future Coronary Heart Disease in Apparently Healthy Men and Women
Keywords:
CORONARY HEART DISEASE - Physical Activity, Active Lifestyle, C-Reactive Protein
Reference:
"Physical activity, C-reactive protein levels and the risk of future coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study," Matthijs Boekholdt S, Sandhu MS, et al, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil., 2006; 13(6): 970-976. (Address: Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam).
Summary:
In a nested case-control study involving apparently healthy men and women participants enrolled in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk study, habitual (work-related and leisure time) physical activity was associated with significantly reduced risk of future coronary artery disease. Furthermore, this association was in part mediated by lower levels of known cardiovascular risk factors and systemic inflammation as indicated by C-reactive protein concentrations. After adjusting for smoking, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, body mass index, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, men with an active lifestyle showed a 35% reduced risk of future coronary artery disease, and women with an active lifestyle showed a 52% reduced risk, compared to persons with an inactive lifestyle. After adjusting further for C-reactive protein, men with an active lifestyle showed a 32% reduced risk of future coronary arter y disease and women showed a 49% reduced risk, compared to persons with an inactive lifestyle. Thus, the authors of this study conclude, "…People with an active lifestyle had a substantially lower risk of future coronary artery disease than people with an inactive lifestyle… this relationship was partly mediated through lower levels of established cardiovascular risk factors and in addition, C-reactive protein. This observation suggests that reduced systemic inflammation may be one of the mechanisms through which physical activity leads to reduced cardiovascular risk."
Topic:
Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Preserves Pancreatic Function and Reduces Inflammation in Obese, Insulin-Resistant Rats
Keywords:
DIABETES, OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE - Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Reference:
"Dietary conjugated linoleic acid preserves pancreatic function and reduces inflammatory markers in obese, insulin-resistant rats," Noto A, Zahradhka P, et al, Metabolism, 2007; 56(1): 142-51. (Address: Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2).
Summary:
In a study involving forty 6-week old rats (20 obese, insulin-resistant fa/fa Zucker rats and 20 lean Zucker rats), supplementation with 1.5% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for a period of 8 weeks was found to preserve pancreatic function and reduce inflammation in the fa/fa Zucker rats. Rats were divided into groups, in which one group of each type of rat received a CLA-supplemented diet while the other group received a control diet. Results found that despite a lack of difference in body weight, and even slightly higher visceral adipose mass, fa/fa rats fed the CLA diet experienced improvements in glucose tolerance and insulinemia, attenuations in serum haptoglobin levels, increases in adipose glucose transporter-4 mRNA, and decreases in adipose tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA and protein markers of inflammation and glucose metabolism in adipose and liver tissues, compared with fa/fa rats fed the control diet. Insulin sensitivity and islet size did not change in the lea n Zucker rats fed CLA. These results demonstrate that supplementation with CLA may help to preserve pancreatic function, improve peripheral glucose use and reduce inflammation in obese, insulin-resistant rats.
Topic:
Increased Flavanone Intake May Decrease Risk of Esophageal Cancer
Keywords:
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER - Flavonoids, Flavanone, Fruit
Reference:
"Flavonoids and risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer," Rossi M, Garavello W, et al, Int J Cancer. 2006 Dec 27; [Epub ahead of print]. (Address: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy).
Summary:
In a case-control study involving 304 cases (275 men, 29 women) with a first diagnosis of squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus and 743 controls (593 men, 150 women) with no history of cancer admitted to hospitals for acute illnesses unrelated to tobacco and alcohol consumption, increased flavanone (a class of flavonoids) intake was associated with a reduced risk of esophageal cancer. Dietary habits were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. After adjusting for age, sex, study center, years of education, alcohol intake, smoking status, BMI, and energy intake, an inverse association was observed between flavanone intake and risk of esophageal cancer. Subjects in the highest quintile of flavanone intake showed a 72% reduced risk of esophageal cancer risk compared to subjects in the lowest quintile of intake. Thus, the authors conclude, "… this study suggests that flavanone intake is inversely associated with esophageal cancer risk and may account, with vitamin C, for the protective effect of fruit, especially citrus fruit, on esophageal cancer."
Topic:
Folic Acid Supplementation May Slow Age-Related Hearing Loss
Keywords:
HEARING LOSS, AGING - Folic Acid, Folate
Reference:
"Effects of folic acid supplementation on hearing in older adults: a randomized, controlled trial," Durga J, Verhoef P, et al, Ann Intern Med., 2007; 146(1): 1-9. (Address: Wageningen University and Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, Wageningen, The Netherlands. E-Mail: jane.durga@rdls.nestle.com ).
Summary:
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 712 older men and women with average plasma total homocysteine concentrations of at least 13 micromoles/L and vitamin B12 levels of at least 200 picomoles/L, with no middle ear dysfunction, unilateral hearing loss, or pathologic ear conditions unrelated to aging at baseline, results indicate that folic acid supplementation may slow age-related hearing loss. The participants were randomized to receive 800 microg/day folic acid or placebo for 3 years. At intervention end, hearing thresholds of the low frequencies (0.5 kHz, 1 kHz, and 2 kHz) were found to have increased by 1 decibel in the folic acid-supplemented group and by 1.7 decibels in the placebo group. No significant difference in hearing thresholds of the high frequencies (4 kHz, 6 kHz, and 8 kHz) were observed between the two groups. Thus, the authors of this study conclude, "Folic acid supplementation slowed the decline in hearing of the speech freq uencies associated with aging in a population from a country without folic acid fortification of food. The effect requires confirmation, especially in populations from countries with folic acid fortification programs."
Topic:
Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids May Lower Heart Rate in Cardiac Transplant Recipients
Keywords:
HEART RATE, HEART TRANSPLANT - Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, EPA, Docosahexaenoic Acid, DHA, QRS Duration
Reference:
"Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on heart rate in cardiac transplant recipients," Harris WS, Gonzales M, et al," Am J Cardiol., 2006; 98(10): 1393-5. (Address: University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA).
Summary:
In a study consisting of 2 prospective trials involving 21 patients with denervated hearts after orthotopic heart transplantation, supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids reduced heart rate and prolonged QRS duration. In the first prospective trial, 7 patients received 3.4 g/day omega-3 fatty acid supplementation (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] + docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) and 4 patients received placebo, for a period of 4 months. In the second trial, 11 patients received 1 g/day omega-3 fatty acids supplementation (EPA + DHA) for a period of 6 months. The patients were studied 4.4 years after transplantation. Results showed that baseline heart rate (prior to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation) reduced by 5.4 beats/min after omega-3 fatty acid treatment. On the other hand, no change in heart rate was observed in the 4 patients who received placebo. Additionally, the QRS duration was significantly prolonged by EPA+DHA supplementation by about 10 milliseconds, whereas QTc duration remained unchanged. Thus, the authors of this study conclude, "… omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduced heart rate and prolonged QRS duration in heart transplant recipients who were presumably devoid of vagal innervation. These findings suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may modify electrophysiologic properties of the myocardium itself.
Topic:
Drinking Coffee May Lower Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Keywords:
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA - Coffee, Tea, Decaffeinated Coffee
Reference:
"Coffee and tea consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy," Montella M, Polesel J, et al, Int J Cancer., 2007 Jan 4; [Epub ahead of print]. (Address: Servizio di Epidemiologia, Istituto Tumori "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy).
Summary:
In a hospital-based case-control study involving 185 incident hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases and 412 controls admitted to hospitals for acute, non-neoplastic diseases unrelated to diet, coffee consumption was found to exert a protective effect against development of HCC. Coffee and tea consumption was assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. After adjusting for potential confounders, including hepatitis virus seropositivity, alcohol intake, and smoking status, subjects who consumed at least 28 cups of coffee per week showed a 60% reduced risk of HCC compared to subjects who consumed less than 14 cups of coffee per week. On the other hand, no significant associations were observed between tea consumption or decaffeinated coffee consumption with risk of HCC. Thus, the authors of this study conclude, "The present study supports the hypothesis of a favorable effect of coffee, though not decaffeinated coffee and tea, on the risk on hepatocellular carcinom a."
Topic:
L-Carnitine Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Hypertensive Rats
Keywords:
HYPERTENSION, OXIDATIVE STRESS - L-Carnitine, Antioxidant
Reference:
"l-Carnitine attenuates oxidative stress in hypertensive rats," Gomez-Amores L, Mate A, et al, J Nutr Biochem, 2006 Dec 1; [Epub ahead of print]. (Address: Department of Physiology and Zoology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain).
Summary:
In a study involving rats, administration of L-carnitine was found to reduce oxidative stress and increase hepatic and cardiac antioxidant defenses in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The study involved both SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Hypertensive rats were found to have lower levels of glutathione peroxidase activity, higher levels of lipid peroxidation, a lower ratio between reduced and oxidized glutathione, reduced plasma nitrite and nitrate levels, reduced total antioxidant status (TAS), and increased aortic p22phox mRNA expression. After treatment with l-carnitine at a dose of 0.2 g/kg body weight per day, all of these levels normalized. The results of this study demonstrate that hypertensive rats benefit from supplementation with l-carnitine through the reduction in oxidative stress and the improvement in hepatic and cardiac antioxidant defense systems.
Topic:
Mixture of Micronutrients May Enhance Immunity in Healthy Persons, While Bovine Colostrum Concentrate Found to Have No Such Effect
Keywords:
IMMUNITY - Micronutrients, Vitamins, Minerals, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Beta-Carotene, Zinc, Bovine Colostrum Concentrate
Reference:
"Effect of a mixture of micronutrients, but not of bovine colostrum concentrate, on immune function parameters in healthy volunteers: a randomized placebo-controlled study," Wolvers DA, van Herpen-Broekmans WM, et al, Nutr J, 2006; 21(5): 28. (Address: Unilever Food & Health Research Institute, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, NL-3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. E-mail: danielle.wolvers@unilever.com ).
Summary:
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study involving 138 healthy volunteers aged 40-80 years, supplementation with a mixture of micronutrients (vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, zinc) was found to enhance cellular immunity, as indicated by improvements in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, while supplementation with bovine colostrum concentrate did not have such an effect in healthy subjects. Subjects received one of four treatments for a period of 10 weeks: Group1 received 1.2 g/d bovine colostrum concentrate (equivalent to 500 mg/d immunoglobulins); Group2 received a mixture of micronutrients containing 375 mg/d vitamin C, 288 mg/d vitamin E, 12 mg/d beta-carotene, and 15 mg/d zinc; Group 3 received both the colostrum and the micronutrient mixture; and Group4 received a placebo. Various parameters of immune function were measured, and results found that older subjects who received the micronutrient mixture had enhanced DTH responses, w hile other parameters of immune function did not appear to be affected. Supplementation with colostrum did not appear to affect any of the immune parameters. The results of this study suggest that supplementation with a mixture of micronutrients may enhance cellular immunity in healthy persons, particularly older persons, as suggested by the improvement in DTH responses. However, the authors conclude, "The present data suggests that improvement of immune parameters in a population with a generally good immune and nutritional status is limited and that improvement of immune function in this population may be difficult."
Topic:
Supplementation with Melatonin May Benefit Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Keywords:
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME, IBS - Melatonin
Reference:
"A Preliminary Study of Melatonin in Irritable Bowel Syndrome," Saha L, Malhotra S, et al, J Clin Gastroenterol., 2007; 41(1): 29-32. (Address: Departments of Pharmacology and Gastroenterology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical, Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India).
Summary:
In a randomized, placebo-controlled study involving 18 patients (aged 18-65 years) with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), supplementation with melatonin demonstrated beneficial effects. The patients were randomized to receive 3 mg/day melatonin (n=9) or placebo (n=9) at bedtime, for 8 weeks. Melatonin supplementation was found to significantly improve IBS scores, compared to placebo. Additionally, during a follow-up period of 48 weeks, overall extracolonic IBS score was significantly lower in the melatonin-supplemented group, compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, quality of life scores significantly improved in the melatonin-supplemented group, compared to the placebo group. Thus, the authors conclude, "The result of this study showed that melatonin has some beneficial role in IBS. Further studies using large number of patients may provide a definite answer."
Topic:
Consumption of Fructose May Lead to Elevated Triglyceride and Glucose Concentrations
Keywords:
METABOLIC DISORDERS, OBESITY, DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - Fructose, Glucose, Insulin, Triglycerides, Diet, Ectopic Lipid Deposition
Reference:
"A 4-wk high-fructose diet alters lipid metabolism without affecting insulin sensitivity or ectopic lipids in healthy humans," Le KA, Faeh D, et al, Am J Clin Nutr, 2006; 84(6): 1374-9. (Address: Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland).
Summary:
In a study involving 7 healthy male subjects, consumption of a high-fructose diet was found to significantly increase fasting plasma concentrations of triglycerides, glucose, lactate and leptin, without appearing to affect insulin sensitivity, intrahepatocellular lipids, intramyocellular lipids, or body weight. For 2 weeks, subjects consumed an isoenergetic diet, containing 55% carbohydrates, 30% fat, and 15% protein, and less than 20 g/day fructose. This was followed by a 4 week period in which subjects were fed a high-fructose diet containing 1.5 g fructose per kg body weight per day. Various lipid and metabolic parameters were measured after 1 and 4 weeks of the high-fructose diet. After 1 week, significant increases were found in fasting plasma concentrations of VLDL-triglycerides (72%), total triglycerides (36%), and leptin (48%). After 2 weeks, increases in lactate were found (49%) and after 4 weeks, increases in glucose were found (5.5%). No significant changes i n fasting insulin, glucagon, cholesterol, or body weight were found. These results differ from results of previous studies in rodents which found a high-sucrose diet to lead to insulin resistance and increased IHCL. The results of this study suggest that high intake of fructose, which is quite prevalent in many countries around the world largely due to consumption of sweetened beverages, may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease by increasing levels of VLDL-triglycerides, total triglycerides, leptin, and glucose.
Topic:
Coenzyme Q10 May Benefit Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Keywords:
MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES, REFRACTORY ANEMIA - Coenzyme Q10, CoQ10, Ubiquinone
Reference:
"Clinical response of myelodysplastic syndromes patients to treatment with coenzyme Q10," Galili N, Sechman EV, et al, Leuk Res, 2007; 31(1): 19-26. (Address: The Radhey Khanna MDS Center for Research, Division of Hematology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 364 Plantation Street, LRB 208, Worcester, MA 01605, USA).
Summary:
In a phase 1 clinical trial involving 29 patients (18 male, 11 female) with low- to intermediate-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (a collection of hematopoietic disorders characterized by anemia, various cytopenias, and bone marrow dysplasia), supplementation with 1,200 mg/d coenzyme Q10 was found to bring about improvements in a subset of the patients. Subjects received supplementation with four coenzyme Q10 wafers per day (each containing 300 mg coenzyme Q10), for a total of 1,200 mg/d coenzyme Q10, for a period of at least 16 weeks, and up to 12 months. Results found that 7 of the 29 patients responded favorably to the treatment, with responses including trilineage and monolineage responses, cytogenetic responses, and changes in FAB (French-American-British) classification of refractory anemia. Two of the patients achieved transfusion independence and had major improvements in all three lineages. One patient experienced dramatic improvements in hemoglobin levels (<8>250,000 microliters), and a complete normalization of neutrophil levels. Another patient experienced a dramatic increase in platelets from 85,000 to 130,000 microliters. Two patients experienced cytogenetic responses. According to the authors of the study, "These results are very encouraging since CoQ10 is a naturally occurring, innocuous compound that caused no side effects in this trial at a dose of 1,200 mg/day." They conclude, "Based on our results, we believe that CoQ10 treatment is a promising alternative to toxic therapies for patients with low- to intermediate-risk MDS or in the initial stages of the disease." Additional trials involving larger numbers of subjects are warranted.
Topic:
Supplementation with Ginkgo Biloba May Protect Against Ovarian Cancer
Keywords:
OVARIAN CANCER - Ginkgo Biloba
Reference:
"Ginkgo biloba and ovarian cancer prevention: Epidemiological and biological evidence," Ye B, Aponte M, et al, Cancer Lett., 2006 Dec 26; [Epub ahead of print]. (Address: Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology and Epidemiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Center, USA).
Summary:
In a study examining epidemiological and biological data, results indicate that supplementation with Ginkgo biloba may exert protective effects against ovarian cancer. In the epidemiological part of the study involving 721 controls and 668 ovarian cancer incident cases, 4.2% of the controls compared to 1.6% of the cases regularly used Ginkgo biloba. Additionally, regular use of Ginkgo biloba was associated with a 59% reduced risk of ovarian cancer. Furthermore, for non-mucinous types of ovarian cancer, regular Ginkgo biloba use was associated with a 67% reduced risk of ovarian cancer. In the in vitro part of the study, Ginkgo extract and its components, quercetin and ginkgolide A and B, demonstrated significant anti-proliferative effects (approx. 40%) in serous ovarian cancer cells, but had little effect in mucinous cells. Thus the authors of this study conclude, "This combined epidemiological and biological data provide supportive evidence for further studies of the che mopreventive or therapeutic effects of Ginkgo and ginkgolides on ovarian cancer."
Topic:
Omega-6 Fatty Acids May Stimulate and Omega-3 Fatty Acids May Inhibit Prostate Cancer Growth
Keywords:
PROSTATE CANCER - Dietary Fat, Omega-6 Fatty Acids, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Linoleic Acid, Arachidonic Acid, Prostate Specific Antigen
Reference:
"Dietary fatty acids correlate with prostate cancer biopsy grade and volume in Jamaican men," Ritch CR, Wan RL, et al, J Urol, 2007; 177(1): 97-101. (Address: Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA).
Summary:
In a study involving 148 men from Jamaica - a country with the highest incidence of prostate cancer in the world - dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be positively associated with Gleason score and tumor volume, suggesting that omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid) may stimulate the growth of prostate cancer. Subjects with a PSA (prostate specific antigen) of 2.6 ng/ml or greater underwent biopsy (n=54) and of those who underwent biopsy, 24 were found to have prostate cancer. Of those with prostate cancer, 17 had a Gleason score of at least 7 suggesting a moderately aggressive tumor (Gleason score provides an assessment of the severity of prostate cancer based on microscopic observation of the cancer cells; scores range from 2-10, with higher numbers indicating greater aggressiveness of the cancer). Of those with prostate cancer, 11 had a tumor volume of at least 50%. Linoleic acid - found in high amounts in the standard Jamaican diet - was positively associated with Gleason score, linoleic acid-to-DHA ratio, and tumor volume, while the ratio of arachidonic acid (omega-6) to docosapentaenoic acid (omega-3) was negatively associated with Gleason score. These results suggest that omega-6 fatty acids may stimulate the growth of prostate cancer, while omega-3 fatty acids may have an inhibitory effect.
Topic:
Role of Folate and Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Psychiatric Disease
Keywords:
PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE, SCHIZOPHRENIA, AUTISM, DEPRESSION, BIPOLAR DISORDER, MENTAL ILLNESS - Folate, Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Omega-6 Fatty Acids, Diet
Reference:
"Folate and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in psychiatric disease," Muskiet FAJ, Kemperman RFJ, Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2006; 17(11): 717-27. (Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands).
Summary:
In this article, the roles of folate and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in psychiatric disease are discussed. The authors discuss the importance of looking at nutritional factors potentially involved in various psychiatric conditions, and point out that diseases such as schizophrenia and autism derive from a combination of heritable and environmental factors and do not inherit by Mendel's law. Evidence to support the role of nutritional factors, and folate status in particular in the development of schizophrenia include the significantly increased incidence (2 times higher) of schizophrenia among Dutch offspring who were conceived during the 1944-45 Dutch hunger winter, which coincided with a significantly increased incidence (2.5 times higher) of neural tube defects. A similar increased incidence of schizophrenia was found among offspring conceived during the massive famine in China in 1959-61. Children of immigrants, who have been found to be less likely to supp lement with folic acid, have higher rates of schizophrenia and neural tube defects. Furthermore, both schizophrenia and neural tube defects have the highest conception rates during the months of May-June, suggestion a relationship between the two. Finally, MTHFR TT homozygotes have been found to have a higher rate of schizophrenia (odds ratio: 1.36) and require a higher folate status. In terms of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, an association has been found between low intake of fish oil (EPA and DHA) and depression. National dietary fish intakes have been found to be inversely associated with major depression and postpartum depression. The authors cite 5 out of 6 randomized controlled trials that demonstrate the effectiveness of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids (EPA in particular) in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, and 4 out of 6 demonstrating the effectiveness of EPA in the treatment of patients with depression or bipolar disorders. In a! meta-analysis involving studies carried out in various countries, low intake of fish and seafood was predictive of depression and high intake of refined sugar and dairy products was linked to a worse 2-year outcome of schizophrenia. The authors of this review state that "Current research on the etiology of psychiatric disease seems to fall short of the input of nutrition and may be overdosed with genetics and the traditional search for abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism per se." This review suggests that folate and other one-carbon metabolite micronutrients, as well as dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, may be involved in the etiology of various psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, autism, depression and bipolar disorder, among others.
Topic:
Low Serum Levels of Selenium and Zinc Observed in Patients with Chronic Recurrent Uveitis
Keywords:
UVEITIS, EYE, INFLAMMATION, UVEA - Selenium, Zinc
Reference:
"Selenium and zinc in patients with acute and chronic uveitis," Dawczynski J, Winnefeld K, Strobel J, Biol Trace Elem Res., 2006 Nov;113(2):131-7. (Address: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany).
Summary:
In a study involving 13 patients with acute uveitis and 11 patients with chronic recurrent uveitis, results suggest that patients with chronic recurrent uveitis may benefit from selenium and zinc supplementation. In patients with acute or first-time uveitis, selenium and zinc serum levels were found to be within the normal range. However, patients with chronic recurrent uveitis showed decreased serum levels of selenium and zinc, where selenium levels were significantly below the normal range. Additionally, trace element levels tended to decrease with increasing age. Thus, the authors of this study conclude, "Further studies should investigate possible positive effects of therapeutic selenium and zinc supplementation in patients with chronic, recurrent uveitis."
Topic:
Long Term Dairy Intake and Weight Change in Women
Keywords:
WEIGHT - Dairy, Whole Milk, Sour Milk, Cheese, Diet
Reference:
"Association between dairy food consumption and weight change over 9 y in 19,352 perimenopausal women," Rosell M, Hakansson NN, Wolk A, Am J Clin Nutr., 2006; 84(6): 1481-8. (Address: The National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. E-Mail: magdalena.rosell@ki.se ).
Summary:
In a study involving 19,352 Swedish women aged 40-55 years, an inverse association was observed between weight gain and regular daily intake (at least 1 serving) of cheese. Furthermore, among normal-weight women, daily intake of at least 1 serving of whole milk and sour milk was inversely associated weight gain. Data on dietary intake, body weight, height, age, education, and parity were collected at baseline and at follow-up 9 years later. Based on intake frequencies, the women were classified into 1 of 4 groups: 1) a constant intake of less than 1 serving/day; 2) an increased intake from less than 1 serving/day to at least 1 serving/day; 3) a constant intake of at least 1 serving/day; 4) a decreased intake from at least 1 serving/day to less than 1 serving/day. Using multivariable logistic regression analyses, constant intake of at least 1 serving/day of whole milk and sour milk was associated with 15% less weight gain, compared to constant intake of less than 1 serving /day of whole milk and sour milk. Similarly, constant intake of at least 1 serving/day of cheese was associated with 30% less weight gain, compared to constant intake of less than 1 serving/day of cheese. No significant associations were observed for the other 3 intake groups. On stratifying the data by BMI, the findings remained significant for cheese. However, for whole milk and sour milk, the association remained significant for normal-weight women alone. Thus, the authors of this study conclude, "The association between the intake of dairy products and weight change differed according to type of dairy product and body mass status. The mechanism behind these findings warrants further investigation."
From www.vitasearch.com
Heart Failure, Systolic Function and Coenzyme Q10, C. Michael White, PharmD, USA
Infertility, Oocytes and DHEA Supplementation, David H. Barad, M.D., M.S., USA
Effects of Probiotics on Allergic Rhinitis Induced by Japanese Cedar Pollen
Keywords:
ALLERGIC RHINITIS, ALLERGY - Lactobacillus Casei Strain Shirota, Probiotics, Fermented Milk
Reference:
"Effects of Probiotics on Allergic Rhinitis Induced by Japanese Cedar Pollen: Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial," Tamura M, Shikina T, et al, Int Arch Allergy Immunol., 2006;143(1): 75-82. (Address: Department of Otolaryngology and Sensory Organ Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan).
Summary:
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving patients with allergic rhinitis triggered by Japanese cedar pollen, results indicate that supplementation with Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) may improve nasal symptom-medication scores in patients with moderate-to-severe allergic symptoms. The participants were randomized to drink fermented milk containing LcS or placebo daily for a period of 8 weeks. During the intervention period, no significant difference in nasal and ocular symptom-medication scores was observed between the probiotic and placebo groups. However, among patients with moderate-to-severe nasal symptom scores at baseline, supplementation with LcS tended to reduce nasal symptom-medication scores. Thus, the authors of this study conclude, "These results indicate that fermented milk containing LcS does not prevent allergic symptoms in patients sensitive to Japanese cedar pollen, but may delay the occurrence of allergic symptoms in pa tients with moderate-to-severe nasal symptom scores."
Topic:
Glutathione Levels in the Blood and Tissues of Patients with Breast Cancer
Keywords:
BREAST CANCER - Glutathione Status
Reference:
"A study of glutathione status in the blood and tissues of patients with breast cancer," Yeh CC, Hou MF, et all, Cell Biochem Funct, 2006; 24(6): 555-9. (Address: Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100 Shi-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan).
Summary:
In this study, the status of glutathione in the blood and tissues of patients with breast cancer was assessed. Results found that patients with breast cancer had significantly reduced blood levels of reduced glutathione (redGSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), total glutathione, and the ratio of redGSH/total glutathione, with the most severely low levels found among patients with stage III cancer. On the other hand, levels of these various forms of glutathione were significantly higher in breast cancer tissue, as compared to the adjacent tissues free of cancer, especially in patients with stage II cancer. The authors hypothesize that "the high redGSH levels are associated with the enhancement of cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis in the cancer cells, and the loss of the large amount of erythrocyte redGSH may be due to increased detoxification capacities and defense against oxidative stress." The authors conclude by proposing that redGSH may be an important bioch emical parameter in the detection of breast malignancy.
Topic:
Folic Acid Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis
Keywords:
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - Folic Acid
Reference:
"Effect of folic acid supplementation on risk of cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials," Bazzano LA, Reynolds K, et al, JAMA, 2006; 296(22): 2720-2726. (Address: Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, La 70112-2715, USA. E-mail: lbazzano@tulane.edu ).
Summary:
In a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of folic acid supplementation on the risk of cardiovascular diseases, results found no reduced risk associated with folic acid supplementation. Through searching MEDLINE, bibliographies of articles, and consulting experts in the field, 165 reports were identified, of which 12 were RCTs, which together involved data from 16,958 subjects with pre-existing vascular disease. Results of analysis using a random-effects model found no significant reduced risk associated with folic acid. Specifically, the overall relative risks for patients who received folic acid supplementation were 0.95 for cardiovascular diseases, 1.04 for coronary heart disease, 0.86 for stroke, and 0.96 for all-cause mortality. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that folic acid supplementation has not been shown to consistently and significantly prevent cardiovascular disease among persons with a history of vascular disease. The authors recommend that, "…It is important to focus on strategies of proven benefit in the secondary prevention of CVD, including smoking cessation, lipid reduction, treatment of hypertension and diabetes, maintenance of a healthy weight, and physical activity."
Topic:
Eating Peanuts May Reduce the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women
Keywords:
COLORECTAL CANCER - Peanuts, Diet
Reference:
"Peanut consumption and reduced risk of colorectal cancer in women: a prospective study in Taiwan," Yeh CC, You SL, et al, World J Gastroenterol, 2006; 12(2): 222-7. (Address: Department of Risk Management, China Medical University College of Public Health, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, China).
Summary:
In a prospective cohort study involving 12,026 men and 11,917 women in Taiwan, consumption of peanuts was found to be associated with a significantly reduced risk of colorectal cancer in women and consumption of pickled foodstuffs was found to be associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer in women. Over a 10 year follow-up period, 107 new cases of colorectal cancer (68 men and 39 women) were identified. The most significant associations were found for peanuts and pickled foodstuffs. Frequent consumption of peanuts was associated with a relative risk of 0.42 in women and 0.73 in men, while frequent consumption of pickled foodstuffs was associated with a relative risk of 2.15 in women. These results suggest that dietary intake of peanuts may have a protective effect against colorectal cancer in women.
Topic:
Leading an Active Lifestyle Substantially Lowers the Risk of Future Coronary Heart Disease in Apparently Healthy Men and Women
Keywords:
CORONARY HEART DISEASE - Physical Activity, Active Lifestyle, C-Reactive Protein
Reference:
"Physical activity, C-reactive protein levels and the risk of future coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study," Matthijs Boekholdt S, Sandhu MS, et al, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil., 2006; 13(6): 970-976. (Address: Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam).
Summary:
In a nested case-control study involving apparently healthy men and women participants enrolled in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk study, habitual (work-related and leisure time) physical activity was associated with significantly reduced risk of future coronary artery disease. Furthermore, this association was in part mediated by lower levels of known cardiovascular risk factors and systemic inflammation as indicated by C-reactive protein concentrations. After adjusting for smoking, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, body mass index, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, men with an active lifestyle showed a 35% reduced risk of future coronary artery disease, and women with an active lifestyle showed a 52% reduced risk, compared to persons with an inactive lifestyle. After adjusting further for C-reactive protein, men with an active lifestyle showed a 32% reduced risk of future coronary arter y disease and women showed a 49% reduced risk, compared to persons with an inactive lifestyle. Thus, the authors of this study conclude, "…People with an active lifestyle had a substantially lower risk of future coronary artery disease than people with an inactive lifestyle… this relationship was partly mediated through lower levels of established cardiovascular risk factors and in addition, C-reactive protein. This observation suggests that reduced systemic inflammation may be one of the mechanisms through which physical activity leads to reduced cardiovascular risk."
Topic:
Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Preserves Pancreatic Function and Reduces Inflammation in Obese, Insulin-Resistant Rats
Keywords:
DIABETES, OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE - Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Reference:
"Dietary conjugated linoleic acid preserves pancreatic function and reduces inflammatory markers in obese, insulin-resistant rats," Noto A, Zahradhka P, et al, Metabolism, 2007; 56(1): 142-51. (Address: Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2).
Summary:
In a study involving forty 6-week old rats (20 obese, insulin-resistant fa/fa Zucker rats and 20 lean Zucker rats), supplementation with 1.5% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for a period of 8 weeks was found to preserve pancreatic function and reduce inflammation in the fa/fa Zucker rats. Rats were divided into groups, in which one group of each type of rat received a CLA-supplemented diet while the other group received a control diet. Results found that despite a lack of difference in body weight, and even slightly higher visceral adipose mass, fa/fa rats fed the CLA diet experienced improvements in glucose tolerance and insulinemia, attenuations in serum haptoglobin levels, increases in adipose glucose transporter-4 mRNA, and decreases in adipose tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA and protein markers of inflammation and glucose metabolism in adipose and liver tissues, compared with fa/fa rats fed the control diet. Insulin sensitivity and islet size did not change in the lea n Zucker rats fed CLA. These results demonstrate that supplementation with CLA may help to preserve pancreatic function, improve peripheral glucose use and reduce inflammation in obese, insulin-resistant rats.
Topic:
Increased Flavanone Intake May Decrease Risk of Esophageal Cancer
Keywords:
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER - Flavonoids, Flavanone, Fruit
Reference:
"Flavonoids and risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer," Rossi M, Garavello W, et al, Int J Cancer. 2006 Dec 27; [Epub ahead of print]. (Address: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy).
Summary:
In a case-control study involving 304 cases (275 men, 29 women) with a first diagnosis of squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus and 743 controls (593 men, 150 women) with no history of cancer admitted to hospitals for acute illnesses unrelated to tobacco and alcohol consumption, increased flavanone (a class of flavonoids) intake was associated with a reduced risk of esophageal cancer. Dietary habits were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. After adjusting for age, sex, study center, years of education, alcohol intake, smoking status, BMI, and energy intake, an inverse association was observed between flavanone intake and risk of esophageal cancer. Subjects in the highest quintile of flavanone intake showed a 72% reduced risk of esophageal cancer risk compared to subjects in the lowest quintile of intake. Thus, the authors conclude, "… this study suggests that flavanone intake is inversely associated with esophageal cancer risk and may account, with vitamin C, for the protective effect of fruit, especially citrus fruit, on esophageal cancer."
Topic:
Folic Acid Supplementation May Slow Age-Related Hearing Loss
Keywords:
HEARING LOSS, AGING - Folic Acid, Folate
Reference:
"Effects of folic acid supplementation on hearing in older adults: a randomized, controlled trial," Durga J, Verhoef P, et al, Ann Intern Med., 2007; 146(1): 1-9. (Address: Wageningen University and Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, Wageningen, The Netherlands. E-Mail: jane.durga@rdls.nestle.com ).
Summary:
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 712 older men and women with average plasma total homocysteine concentrations of at least 13 micromoles/L and vitamin B12 levels of at least 200 picomoles/L, with no middle ear dysfunction, unilateral hearing loss, or pathologic ear conditions unrelated to aging at baseline, results indicate that folic acid supplementation may slow age-related hearing loss. The participants were randomized to receive 800 microg/day folic acid or placebo for 3 years. At intervention end, hearing thresholds of the low frequencies (0.5 kHz, 1 kHz, and 2 kHz) were found to have increased by 1 decibel in the folic acid-supplemented group and by 1.7 decibels in the placebo group. No significant difference in hearing thresholds of the high frequencies (4 kHz, 6 kHz, and 8 kHz) were observed between the two groups. Thus, the authors of this study conclude, "Folic acid supplementation slowed the decline in hearing of the speech freq uencies associated with aging in a population from a country without folic acid fortification of food. The effect requires confirmation, especially in populations from countries with folic acid fortification programs."
Topic:
Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids May Lower Heart Rate in Cardiac Transplant Recipients
Keywords:
HEART RATE, HEART TRANSPLANT - Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, EPA, Docosahexaenoic Acid, DHA, QRS Duration
Reference:
"Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on heart rate in cardiac transplant recipients," Harris WS, Gonzales M, et al," Am J Cardiol., 2006; 98(10): 1393-5. (Address: University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA).
Summary:
In a study consisting of 2 prospective trials involving 21 patients with denervated hearts after orthotopic heart transplantation, supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids reduced heart rate and prolonged QRS duration. In the first prospective trial, 7 patients received 3.4 g/day omega-3 fatty acid supplementation (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] + docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) and 4 patients received placebo, for a period of 4 months. In the second trial, 11 patients received 1 g/day omega-3 fatty acids supplementation (EPA + DHA) for a period of 6 months. The patients were studied 4.4 years after transplantation. Results showed that baseline heart rate (prior to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation) reduced by 5.4 beats/min after omega-3 fatty acid treatment. On the other hand, no change in heart rate was observed in the 4 patients who received placebo. Additionally, the QRS duration was significantly prolonged by EPA+DHA supplementation by about 10 milliseconds, whereas QTc duration remained unchanged. Thus, the authors of this study conclude, "… omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduced heart rate and prolonged QRS duration in heart transplant recipients who were presumably devoid of vagal innervation. These findings suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may modify electrophysiologic properties of the myocardium itself.
Topic:
Drinking Coffee May Lower Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Keywords:
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA - Coffee, Tea, Decaffeinated Coffee
Reference:
"Coffee and tea consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy," Montella M, Polesel J, et al, Int J Cancer., 2007 Jan 4; [Epub ahead of print]. (Address: Servizio di Epidemiologia, Istituto Tumori "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy).
Summary:
In a hospital-based case-control study involving 185 incident hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases and 412 controls admitted to hospitals for acute, non-neoplastic diseases unrelated to diet, coffee consumption was found to exert a protective effect against development of HCC. Coffee and tea consumption was assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. After adjusting for potential confounders, including hepatitis virus seropositivity, alcohol intake, and smoking status, subjects who consumed at least 28 cups of coffee per week showed a 60% reduced risk of HCC compared to subjects who consumed less than 14 cups of coffee per week. On the other hand, no significant associations were observed between tea consumption or decaffeinated coffee consumption with risk of HCC. Thus, the authors of this study conclude, "The present study supports the hypothesis of a favorable effect of coffee, though not decaffeinated coffee and tea, on the risk on hepatocellular carcinom a."
Topic:
L-Carnitine Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Hypertensive Rats
Keywords:
HYPERTENSION, OXIDATIVE STRESS - L-Carnitine, Antioxidant
Reference:
"l-Carnitine attenuates oxidative stress in hypertensive rats," Gomez-Amores L, Mate A, et al, J Nutr Biochem, 2006 Dec 1; [Epub ahead of print]. (Address: Department of Physiology and Zoology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain).
Summary:
In a study involving rats, administration of L-carnitine was found to reduce oxidative stress and increase hepatic and cardiac antioxidant defenses in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The study involved both SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Hypertensive rats were found to have lower levels of glutathione peroxidase activity, higher levels of lipid peroxidation, a lower ratio between reduced and oxidized glutathione, reduced plasma nitrite and nitrate levels, reduced total antioxidant status (TAS), and increased aortic p22phox mRNA expression. After treatment with l-carnitine at a dose of 0.2 g/kg body weight per day, all of these levels normalized. The results of this study demonstrate that hypertensive rats benefit from supplementation with l-carnitine through the reduction in oxidative stress and the improvement in hepatic and cardiac antioxidant defense systems.
Topic:
Mixture of Micronutrients May Enhance Immunity in Healthy Persons, While Bovine Colostrum Concentrate Found to Have No Such Effect
Keywords:
IMMUNITY - Micronutrients, Vitamins, Minerals, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Beta-Carotene, Zinc, Bovine Colostrum Concentrate
Reference:
"Effect of a mixture of micronutrients, but not of bovine colostrum concentrate, on immune function parameters in healthy volunteers: a randomized placebo-controlled study," Wolvers DA, van Herpen-Broekmans WM, et al, Nutr J, 2006; 21(5): 28. (Address: Unilever Food & Health Research Institute, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, NL-3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. E-mail: danielle.wolvers@unilever.com ).
Summary:
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study involving 138 healthy volunteers aged 40-80 years, supplementation with a mixture of micronutrients (vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, zinc) was found to enhance cellular immunity, as indicated by improvements in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, while supplementation with bovine colostrum concentrate did not have such an effect in healthy subjects. Subjects received one of four treatments for a period of 10 weeks: Group1 received 1.2 g/d bovine colostrum concentrate (equivalent to 500 mg/d immunoglobulins); Group2 received a mixture of micronutrients containing 375 mg/d vitamin C, 288 mg/d vitamin E, 12 mg/d beta-carotene, and 15 mg/d zinc; Group 3 received both the colostrum and the micronutrient mixture; and Group4 received a placebo. Various parameters of immune function were measured, and results found that older subjects who received the micronutrient mixture had enhanced DTH responses, w hile other parameters of immune function did not appear to be affected. Supplementation with colostrum did not appear to affect any of the immune parameters. The results of this study suggest that supplementation with a mixture of micronutrients may enhance cellular immunity in healthy persons, particularly older persons, as suggested by the improvement in DTH responses. However, the authors conclude, "The present data suggests that improvement of immune parameters in a population with a generally good immune and nutritional status is limited and that improvement of immune function in this population may be difficult."
Topic:
Supplementation with Melatonin May Benefit Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Keywords:
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME, IBS - Melatonin
Reference:
"A Preliminary Study of Melatonin in Irritable Bowel Syndrome," Saha L, Malhotra S, et al, J Clin Gastroenterol., 2007; 41(1): 29-32. (Address: Departments of Pharmacology and Gastroenterology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical, Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India).
Summary:
In a randomized, placebo-controlled study involving 18 patients (aged 18-65 years) with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), supplementation with melatonin demonstrated beneficial effects. The patients were randomized to receive 3 mg/day melatonin (n=9) or placebo (n=9) at bedtime, for 8 weeks. Melatonin supplementation was found to significantly improve IBS scores, compared to placebo. Additionally, during a follow-up period of 48 weeks, overall extracolonic IBS score was significantly lower in the melatonin-supplemented group, compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, quality of life scores significantly improved in the melatonin-supplemented group, compared to the placebo group. Thus, the authors conclude, "The result of this study showed that melatonin has some beneficial role in IBS. Further studies using large number of patients may provide a definite answer."
Topic:
Consumption of Fructose May Lead to Elevated Triglyceride and Glucose Concentrations
Keywords:
METABOLIC DISORDERS, OBESITY, DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - Fructose, Glucose, Insulin, Triglycerides, Diet, Ectopic Lipid Deposition
Reference:
"A 4-wk high-fructose diet alters lipid metabolism without affecting insulin sensitivity or ectopic lipids in healthy humans," Le KA, Faeh D, et al, Am J Clin Nutr, 2006; 84(6): 1374-9. (Address: Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland).
Summary:
In a study involving 7 healthy male subjects, consumption of a high-fructose diet was found to significantly increase fasting plasma concentrations of triglycerides, glucose, lactate and leptin, without appearing to affect insulin sensitivity, intrahepatocellular lipids, intramyocellular lipids, or body weight. For 2 weeks, subjects consumed an isoenergetic diet, containing 55% carbohydrates, 30% fat, and 15% protein, and less than 20 g/day fructose. This was followed by a 4 week period in which subjects were fed a high-fructose diet containing 1.5 g fructose per kg body weight per day. Various lipid and metabolic parameters were measured after 1 and 4 weeks of the high-fructose diet. After 1 week, significant increases were found in fasting plasma concentrations of VLDL-triglycerides (72%), total triglycerides (36%), and leptin (48%). After 2 weeks, increases in lactate were found (49%) and after 4 weeks, increases in glucose were found (5.5%). No significant changes i n fasting insulin, glucagon, cholesterol, or body weight were found. These results differ from results of previous studies in rodents which found a high-sucrose diet to lead to insulin resistance and increased IHCL. The results of this study suggest that high intake of fructose, which is quite prevalent in many countries around the world largely due to consumption of sweetened beverages, may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease by increasing levels of VLDL-triglycerides, total triglycerides, leptin, and glucose.
Topic:
Coenzyme Q10 May Benefit Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Keywords:
MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES, REFRACTORY ANEMIA - Coenzyme Q10, CoQ10, Ubiquinone
Reference:
"Clinical response of myelodysplastic syndromes patients to treatment with coenzyme Q10," Galili N, Sechman EV, et al, Leuk Res, 2007; 31(1): 19-26. (Address: The Radhey Khanna MDS Center for Research, Division of Hematology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 364 Plantation Street, LRB 208, Worcester, MA 01605, USA).
Summary:
In a phase 1 clinical trial involving 29 patients (18 male, 11 female) with low- to intermediate-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (a collection of hematopoietic disorders characterized by anemia, various cytopenias, and bone marrow dysplasia), supplementation with 1,200 mg/d coenzyme Q10 was found to bring about improvements in a subset of the patients. Subjects received supplementation with four coenzyme Q10 wafers per day (each containing 300 mg coenzyme Q10), for a total of 1,200 mg/d coenzyme Q10, for a period of at least 16 weeks, and up to 12 months. Results found that 7 of the 29 patients responded favorably to the treatment, with responses including trilineage and monolineage responses, cytogenetic responses, and changes in FAB (French-American-British) classification of refractory anemia. Two of the patients achieved transfusion independence and had major improvements in all three lineages. One patient experienced dramatic improvements in hemoglobin levels (<8>250,000 microliters), and a complete normalization of neutrophil levels. Another patient experienced a dramatic increase in platelets from 85,000 to 130,000 microliters. Two patients experienced cytogenetic responses. According to the authors of the study, "These results are very encouraging since CoQ10 is a naturally occurring, innocuous compound that caused no side effects in this trial at a dose of 1,200 mg/day." They conclude, "Based on our results, we believe that CoQ10 treatment is a promising alternative to toxic therapies for patients with low- to intermediate-risk MDS or in the initial stages of the disease." Additional trials involving larger numbers of subjects are warranted.
Topic:
Supplementation with Ginkgo Biloba May Protect Against Ovarian Cancer
Keywords:
OVARIAN CANCER - Ginkgo Biloba
Reference:
"Ginkgo biloba and ovarian cancer prevention: Epidemiological and biological evidence," Ye B, Aponte M, et al, Cancer Lett., 2006 Dec 26; [Epub ahead of print]. (Address: Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology and Epidemiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Center, USA).
Summary:
In a study examining epidemiological and biological data, results indicate that supplementation with Ginkgo biloba may exert protective effects against ovarian cancer. In the epidemiological part of the study involving 721 controls and 668 ovarian cancer incident cases, 4.2% of the controls compared to 1.6% of the cases regularly used Ginkgo biloba. Additionally, regular use of Ginkgo biloba was associated with a 59% reduced risk of ovarian cancer. Furthermore, for non-mucinous types of ovarian cancer, regular Ginkgo biloba use was associated with a 67% reduced risk of ovarian cancer. In the in vitro part of the study, Ginkgo extract and its components, quercetin and ginkgolide A and B, demonstrated significant anti-proliferative effects (approx. 40%) in serous ovarian cancer cells, but had little effect in mucinous cells. Thus the authors of this study conclude, "This combined epidemiological and biological data provide supportive evidence for further studies of the che mopreventive or therapeutic effects of Ginkgo and ginkgolides on ovarian cancer."
Topic:
Omega-6 Fatty Acids May Stimulate and Omega-3 Fatty Acids May Inhibit Prostate Cancer Growth
Keywords:
PROSTATE CANCER - Dietary Fat, Omega-6 Fatty Acids, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Linoleic Acid, Arachidonic Acid, Prostate Specific Antigen
Reference:
"Dietary fatty acids correlate with prostate cancer biopsy grade and volume in Jamaican men," Ritch CR, Wan RL, et al, J Urol, 2007; 177(1): 97-101. (Address: Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA).
Summary:
In a study involving 148 men from Jamaica - a country with the highest incidence of prostate cancer in the world - dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be positively associated with Gleason score and tumor volume, suggesting that omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid) may stimulate the growth of prostate cancer. Subjects with a PSA (prostate specific antigen) of 2.6 ng/ml or greater underwent biopsy (n=54) and of those who underwent biopsy, 24 were found to have prostate cancer. Of those with prostate cancer, 17 had a Gleason score of at least 7 suggesting a moderately aggressive tumor (Gleason score provides an assessment of the severity of prostate cancer based on microscopic observation of the cancer cells; scores range from 2-10, with higher numbers indicating greater aggressiveness of the cancer). Of those with prostate cancer, 11 had a tumor volume of at least 50%. Linoleic acid - found in high amounts in the standard Jamaican diet - was positively associated with Gleason score, linoleic acid-to-DHA ratio, and tumor volume, while the ratio of arachidonic acid (omega-6) to docosapentaenoic acid (omega-3) was negatively associated with Gleason score. These results suggest that omega-6 fatty acids may stimulate the growth of prostate cancer, while omega-3 fatty acids may have an inhibitory effect.
Topic:
Role of Folate and Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Psychiatric Disease
Keywords:
PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE, SCHIZOPHRENIA, AUTISM, DEPRESSION, BIPOLAR DISORDER, MENTAL ILLNESS - Folate, Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Omega-6 Fatty Acids, Diet
Reference:
"Folate and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in psychiatric disease," Muskiet FAJ, Kemperman RFJ, Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2006; 17(11): 717-27. (Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands).
Summary:
In this article, the roles of folate and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in psychiatric disease are discussed. The authors discuss the importance of looking at nutritional factors potentially involved in various psychiatric conditions, and point out that diseases such as schizophrenia and autism derive from a combination of heritable and environmental factors and do not inherit by Mendel's law. Evidence to support the role of nutritional factors, and folate status in particular in the development of schizophrenia include the significantly increased incidence (2 times higher) of schizophrenia among Dutch offspring who were conceived during the 1944-45 Dutch hunger winter, which coincided with a significantly increased incidence (2.5 times higher) of neural tube defects. A similar increased incidence of schizophrenia was found among offspring conceived during the massive famine in China in 1959-61. Children of immigrants, who have been found to be less likely to supp lement with folic acid, have higher rates of schizophrenia and neural tube defects. Furthermore, both schizophrenia and neural tube defects have the highest conception rates during the months of May-June, suggestion a relationship between the two. Finally, MTHFR TT homozygotes have been found to have a higher rate of schizophrenia (odds ratio: 1.36) and require a higher folate status. In terms of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, an association has been found between low intake of fish oil (EPA and DHA) and depression. National dietary fish intakes have been found to be inversely associated with major depression and postpartum depression. The authors cite 5 out of 6 randomized controlled trials that demonstrate the effectiveness of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids (EPA in particular) in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, and 4 out of 6 demonstrating the effectiveness of EPA in the treatment of patients with depression or bipolar disorders. In a! meta-analysis involving studies carried out in various countries, low intake of fish and seafood was predictive of depression and high intake of refined sugar and dairy products was linked to a worse 2-year outcome of schizophrenia. The authors of this review state that "Current research on the etiology of psychiatric disease seems to fall short of the input of nutrition and may be overdosed with genetics and the traditional search for abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism per se." This review suggests that folate and other one-carbon metabolite micronutrients, as well as dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, may be involved in the etiology of various psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, autism, depression and bipolar disorder, among others.
Topic:
Low Serum Levels of Selenium and Zinc Observed in Patients with Chronic Recurrent Uveitis
Keywords:
UVEITIS, EYE, INFLAMMATION, UVEA - Selenium, Zinc
Reference:
"Selenium and zinc in patients with acute and chronic uveitis," Dawczynski J, Winnefeld K, Strobel J, Biol Trace Elem Res., 2006 Nov;113(2):131-7. (Address: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany).
Summary:
In a study involving 13 patients with acute uveitis and 11 patients with chronic recurrent uveitis, results suggest that patients with chronic recurrent uveitis may benefit from selenium and zinc supplementation. In patients with acute or first-time uveitis, selenium and zinc serum levels were found to be within the normal range. However, patients with chronic recurrent uveitis showed decreased serum levels of selenium and zinc, where selenium levels were significantly below the normal range. Additionally, trace element levels tended to decrease with increasing age. Thus, the authors of this study conclude, "Further studies should investigate possible positive effects of therapeutic selenium and zinc supplementation in patients with chronic, recurrent uveitis."
Topic:
Long Term Dairy Intake and Weight Change in Women
Keywords:
WEIGHT - Dairy, Whole Milk, Sour Milk, Cheese, Diet
Reference:
"Association between dairy food consumption and weight change over 9 y in 19,352 perimenopausal women," Rosell M, Hakansson NN, Wolk A, Am J Clin Nutr., 2006; 84(6): 1481-8. (Address: The National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. E-Mail: magdalena.rosell@ki.se ).
Summary:
In a study involving 19,352 Swedish women aged 40-55 years, an inverse association was observed between weight gain and regular daily intake (at least 1 serving) of cheese. Furthermore, among normal-weight women, daily intake of at least 1 serving of whole milk and sour milk was inversely associated weight gain. Data on dietary intake, body weight, height, age, education, and parity were collected at baseline and at follow-up 9 years later. Based on intake frequencies, the women were classified into 1 of 4 groups: 1) a constant intake of less than 1 serving/day; 2) an increased intake from less than 1 serving/day to at least 1 serving/day; 3) a constant intake of at least 1 serving/day; 4) a decreased intake from at least 1 serving/day to less than 1 serving/day. Using multivariable logistic regression analyses, constant intake of at least 1 serving/day of whole milk and sour milk was associated with 15% less weight gain, compared to constant intake of less than 1 serving /day of whole milk and sour milk. Similarly, constant intake of at least 1 serving/day of cheese was associated with 30% less weight gain, compared to constant intake of less than 1 serving/day of cheese. No significant associations were observed for the other 3 intake groups. On stratifying the data by BMI, the findings remained significant for cheese. However, for whole milk and sour milk, the association remained significant for normal-weight women alone. Thus, the authors of this study conclude, "The association between the intake of dairy products and weight change differed according to type of dairy product and body mass status. The mechanism behind these findings warrants further investigation."
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